Criterios para la identificación de síndromes de cáncer de mama hereditarios. Revisión de la literatura y recomendaciones para el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Colombia / Criteria for the identification of hereditary breast cancer syndromes. Review of the literature and recommendations for the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Colombia

Introducción. Los síndromes de cáncer de mama hereditario (SCMH) corresponden a un 5% a 10% de todos los casos de la enfermedad, en su mayoría explicados por mutaciones en los genes BRCA1 y BRCA2. Se han publicado múltiples guías y recomendaciones internacionales actualizadas, con el fin de dar lineamientos para seleccionar los casos con sospecha de un SCMH. Como antecedentes locales, el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia cuenta con un "Programa institucional para la identificación y manejo de familias con sospecha de cáncer hereditario", con fines asistenciales, dentro del cual el cáncer de mama es la patología más remitida al servicio de genética (55%; 540/986). En el 21% de los casos con cáncer de mama que cumplieron criterios NCCN se diagnosticó un SCMH, la mayoría asociados a mutaciones en los genes BRCA1 y BRCA2 (12,3%) y en menor proporción a otros genes de susceptibilidad al cáncer de mama (8,6%).Objetivo. Identificar los criterios de selección más implementados para diagnosticar los casos de cáncer de mama hereditarios a través de una revisión de la literatura, y realizar un consenso Institucional sobre las indicaciones de remisión a consejería genética y solicitud de pruebas para fines diagnósticos y de tratamiento sistémico con iPARP. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica publicada en los últimos 10 años, al 30 de agosto del 2021, sobre la prevalencia de mutaciones germinales en los genes BRCA1 y BRCA2, y en otros genes no BRCA, en pacientes con cáncer de mama, obteniéndose en total 146 y seleccionándose un total de 41 artículos. En el interior de las unidades funcionales de mama y tejidos blandos, genética y oncología clínica, se presentó la evidencia disponible, realizando una discusión amplia entre las tres unidades y finalmente se definieron las indicaciones para remisión a genética, para solicitar estudios genéticos y de tratamiento sistémico con iPARP.Resultados. Según lo reportado en la literatura, los principales criterios de sospecha de un SCMH deben incluir: el subtipo triple negativo, la presentación bilateral, la edad muy temprana de diagnóstico y los antecedentes familiares (AF) de cáncer de mama antes de los 50 años o cáncer de ovario a cualquier edad.Conclusiones. Se adoptan las recomendaciones de la NCCN para la remisión a consejería genética y solicitud de estudios genéticos para identificar cáncer de mama hereditario, y se establecen los criterios del estudio OlympiA para la solicitud de estudios genéticos con el fin de guiar el tratamiento sistémico con iPARP en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Lo anterior permitirá que desde nuestra Institución se ofrezca adecuadamente este servicio a la población colombiana.

ntroduction: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes (HBOC) represents 5% to 10% of all breast cancer cases, and BRCA1andBRCA2 explain most of these syndromes. Multiple guidelines and updated recommendations have been published to define which patients should be selected for genetic testing based on a clinical suspicion of a HBOC syndrome. For context, the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología from Colombia developed an "Institutional Program for the identification and management of families with suspected hereditary cancer" for healthcare purposes, within which breast cancer is the most referred pathology to the genetics service (55%; 540/986). Inherited cancer was diagnosed in 21% of the patients with breast cancer who met NCCN criteria; most of these were associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations (12.3%) and to a lesser extent to other breast cancer susceptibility genes (8.6%).Objective: To identify the most implemented selection criteria to diagnose inherited breast cancer cases, through a review of the literature, and to achieve an institutional consensus on the indications for referral to genetic counseling and genetic testing for diagnostic and systemic treatment with PARPi.Materials and methods: A narrative review of the scientific literature published in the last 10 years as of August 30, 2021 on the prevalence of germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, and in other non-BRCA genes, in patients with breast cancer was carried out. Overall, 146 articles were first identified but only 41 were selected. Within the functional units of breast and soft tissue, genetics and clinical oncology, the available evidence was presented and a broad discussion was carried out; finally the indications for referral to genetic counseling, for genetic testing and for systemic treatment with PARPi were defined.Results: As reported in the literature, clinical criteria for HBOC syndrome should include: triple negative subtype, bilateral presentation, very early age of diagnosis and family history (FH) of breast cancer before 50 years of age or ovarian cancer at any age. Conclusions: The NCCN recommendations for referral to genetic counseling and ordering genetic testing to diagnose HBOC cases are adopted at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología from Colombia, as well as the OlympiA study criteria for ordering genetic testing to guide systemic PARPi therapy. This will allow our Institution to adequately offer this service to the Colombian population.

Indicaciones para el uso de pertuzumab en cáncer de mama HER2 positivono metastásico en los escenarios neoadyuvante y adyuvante. Revisión de la evidencia y abordaje terapéutico en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Colombia / Indications for the use of pertuzumab in non-metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant. Review of the literature and therapeutic approach at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Colombia

La adición de la terapia dirigida a la quimioterapia citotóxica en pacientes con cáncer de mama ha mejorado significativamente los desenlaces oncológicos en las pacientes con tumores HER2 positivo. El uso de pertuzumab durante el manejo neoadyuvante incrementa significativamente la respuesta patológica completa y en la actualidad permite emplear regímenes libres de antraciclinas con una eficacia similar y menores efectos cardiovasculares (en especial sobre la fracción de eyección). El beneficio en supervivencia libre de enfermedad invasiva, de adicionar pertuzumab en el escenario adyuvante en las pacientes sin tratamiento anti HER2 previo, está limitado a aquellas con ganglios positivos. La implementación de esquemas con bloqueo dual anti HER2, durante el tratamiento inicial del cáncer de mama HER2 positivo, mejora significativamente el pronóstico oncológico en este grupo de pacientes.

The addition of targeted therapy to cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer has significantly improved oncologic outcomes in patients with HER2-positive tumors. The use of pertuzumab during neoadjuvant management significantly increases the complete pathological response and currently allows the use of anthracycline-free regimens with similar efficacy and fewer cardiovascular effects (especially on ejection fraction). The benefit of pertuzumab in disease-free survival in the adjuvant setting for patients without prior anti-HER2 treatment is limited to those with positive nodes. The implementation of schemes with dual anti-HER2 blockade during the initial treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer significantly improves the oncological outcomes in this group of patients.

Estudios de extensión para la estadificación del cáncer de mama infiltrante. Revisión de la evidencia y abordaje terapéutico en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Colombia / Extension studies for the staging of infiltrating breast cancer. Review of evidence and therapeutic approach at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Colombia

La estadificación del cáncer de mama tiene como objetivo determinar la extensión de la enfermedad, definir el tratamiento y el pronóstico de la misma. La American Joint Committee on Cancer(AJCC) ha asignado el estadio utilizando el tamaño del tumor (T), la presencia de compromiso ganglionar (N), y la presencia o ausencia de metástasis a distancia (M). Con el advenimiento de la biología molecular, se integra a la estadificación anatómica la información pronóstica con el grado histológico, el estado de los receptores hormonales y el resultado del receptor de HER2. En el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC), la incorporación del TNM pronóstico trajo consigo un aumento de estadio en el 14,47% de los casos y una disminución en el 40,3%; este resultado se atribuyó en parte al mayor porcentaje de tumores localmente avanzados dentro de la institución. Por subtipo biológico, los tumores luminales presentan mayor riesgo de metástasis óseas, los tumores triple negativo a pulmón y sistema nervioso central; y los tumores HER2 a SNC, hígado y pulmón. Teniendo en cuenta este compromiso a distancia, los métodos de estadificación comúnmente utilizados son gammagrafía ósea (GO), radiografía de tórax (RxT), ecografía hepática (UH) y/o tomografía computarizada (TC). En el caso de identificar hallazgos sospechosos en estos exámenes o si el cuadro clínico del paciente lo sugiere, se realizan estudios adicionales como TC o resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN). Los cambios en la estadificación clínica y la biología del cáncer de mama motivaron a las Unidades de Seno y Tejidos Blandos y Oncología Clínica del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología a revisar la evidencia científica disponible para recomendar la pertinencia de los estudios de extensión.

The staging of breast cancer has the objective to determine the extent of the disease, define treatment and prognosis. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has assigned the stage using the size of the tumor (T), the presence of lymph node involvement (N), and the presence or absence of distant metastases (M). With the advent of molecular biology, prognostic information with histological grade, hormone receptor status, and HER2 receptor is integrated with anatomic staging. In the National Institute of Cancerology (INC) the incorporation of TNM brought with it an increase in stage in 14.47% of cases and a decrease in 40.3%; this result was attributed in part to the higher percentage of locally advanced tumors within the institution. By biological subtype, luminal tumors have a higher risk of bone metastases, triple negative tumors to the lung and central nervous system; and HER2 tumors to CNS, liver and lung. Taking this distant involvement into account, the commonly used staging methods are bone scan (BS), chest radiography (CXR), liver ultrasound (UH) and/or computed tomography (CT) scans. In the case of identifying suspicious findings in these tests or if the patient's clinical condition suggests it, additional studies such as CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are performed. Changes in the clinical staging and biology of breast cancer motivated the Breast and Clinical Oncology Functional Unit of the National Cancer Institute to review the available scientific evidence to recommend the relevance of extension studies.

Clinical Outcomes of Adjuvant Hormone Therapy in a Cohort of Patients With Infiltrating Non-metastatic Breast Cancer in a Latin American Cancer Center.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. This study evaluated the clinical outcomes and prognostic factors associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in a cohort of patients diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive non-metastatic BC managed with adjuvant hormone therapy. METHODS: An observational, analytical, historical cohort study was conducted. DFS and OS rates were estimated, Kaplan-Meier survival functions were calculated, and Cox models were developed to assess the association between time to event (all-cause mortality or relapse) and hormone therapy exposure with a set of established variables. RESULTS: Inclusion criteria were met by 685 patients; the mean age at diagnosis was 58 years (SD=11.9 years). The most commonly used drug was tamoxifen for five years in 241 (35.7%) patients; 470 (69.6%) patients received initial therapy, 112 (16.5%) underwent switch therapy, and 93 (13.8%) had extended therapy. The factors associated with better rates of DFS and OS were early clinical stage (p=0.00), luminal A and luminal B Her2-positive biological subtypes (p=0.00), and adherence to adjuvant hormone therapy (p=0.001). Mortality rate was 0.77 deaths per 100 patients/year (95% CI, 0.51-1.2). CONCLUSION: This cohort demonstrated that adjuvant hormone therapy improves DFS and OS rates in locally advanced tumors. The main factor for reducing disease progression in this cohort was adequate adherence to treatment.

Expectant Versus Interventionist Care in the Management of Severe Preeclampsia Remote from Term: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of expectant versus interventionist care in the management of pregnant women with severe preeclampsia remote from term. DATA SOURCES: An electronic search was conducted in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS, for its Spanish acronym), World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO-ICTRP), and OpenGrey databases. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO, for its French acronym), Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and Colombian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CJOG) websites were searched for conference proceedings, without language restrictions, up to March 25, 2020. SELECTION OF STUDIES: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and non-randomized controlled studies (NRSs) were included. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to evaluate the quality of the evidence. DATA COLLECTION: Studies were independently assessed for inclusion criteria, data extraction, and risk of bias. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. DATA SYNTHESIS: Four RCTs and six NRS were included. Low-quality evidence from the RCTs showed that expectant care may result in a lower incidence of appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration (Apgar) scores < 7 at 5 minutes (risk ratio [RR]: 0.48; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.23%to 0.99) and a higher average birth weight (mean difference [MD]: 254.7 g; 95%CI: 98.5 g to 410.9 g). Very low quality evidence from the NRSs suggested that expectant care might decrease the rates of neonatal death (RR: 0.42; 95%CI 0.22 to 0.80), hyaline membrane disease (RR: 0.59; 95%CI: 0.40 to 0.87), and admission to neonatal care (RR: 0.73; 95%CI: 0.54 to 0.99). No maternal or fetal differences were found for other perinatal outcomes. CONCLUSION: Compared with interventionist management, expectant care may improve neonatal outcomes without increasing maternal morbidity and mortality.

OBJETIVO: Comparar os efeitos dos cuidados expectantes versus intervencionistas no manejo de gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia grave distante do termo. FONTES DE DADOS: Foi realizada uma busca eletrônica no Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS, para o espanhol) acrônimo), Plataforma Internacional de Registro de Ensaios Clínicos da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS-ICTRP) e bancos de dados OpenGrey. Foram pesquisados os sites da Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (FIGO, por sua sigla em francês), do Royal College of Obstetricians e Ginecologistas (RCOG), do American College of Obstetricians e Ginecologistas (ACOG) e do Colombian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CJOG) procedimentos da conferência, sem restrições de idioma, até 25 de março de 2020. SELEçãO DE ESTUDOS: Ensaios clínicos randomizados (RCTs) e estudos controlados não randomizados (NRSs) foram incluídos. A abordagem de Classificação de Recomendações, Avaliação, Desenvolvimento e Avaliação (GRADE) foi usada para avaliar a qualidade da evidência. COLETA DE DADOS: Os estudos foram avaliados de forma independente quanto aos critérios de inclusão, extração de dados e risco de viés. As discordâncias foram resolvidas por consenso. SíNTESE DE DADOS: Quatro RCTs e seis NRS foram incluídos. Evidências de baixa qualidade dos ECRs mostraram que o cuidado expectante pode resultar em uma incidência menor de pontuações de aparência, pulso, careta, atividade e respiração (Apgar) <7 em 5 minutos (razão de risco [RR]: 0,48; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%]: 0,23% a 0,99) e um peso médio ao nascer superior (diferença média [MD]: 254,7 g; IC 95%: 98,5 ga 410,9 g). Evidências de qualidade muito baixa dos NRSs sugeriram que os cuidados expectantes podem diminuir as taxas de morte neonatal (RR: 0,42; IC de 95% 0,22 a 0,80), doença da membrana hialina (RR: 0,59; IC de 95%: 0,40 a 0,87) e admissão à assistência neonatal (RR: 0,73; IC 95%: 0,54 a 0,99). Nenhuma diferença materna ou fetal foi encontrada para outros resultados perinatais. CONCLUSãO: Em comparação com o manejo intervencionista, o cuidado expectante pode melhorar os resultados neonatais sem aumentar a morbidade e mortalidade materna.

Expectant Versus Interventionist Care in the Management of Severe Preeclampsia Remote from Term: A Systematic Review / Cuidado expectante versus cuidado intervencionista no tratamento da pré-eclâmpsia grave a distância: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective To compare the effects of expectant versus interventionist care in the management of pregnant women with severe preeclampsia remote from term. Data sources An electronic search was conducted in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS, for its Spanish acronym), World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO-ICTRP), and Open- Grey databases. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO, for its French acronym), Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and Colombian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CJOG) websites were searched for conference proceedings, without language restrictions, up to March 25, 2020. Selection of studies Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and non-randomized controlled studies (NRSs) were included. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to evaluate the quality of the evidence. Data collection Studies were independently assessed for inclusion criteria, data extraction, and risk of bias. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Data synthesis Four RCTs and six NRS were included. Low-quality evidence from the RCTs showed that expectant care may result in a lower incidence of appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration (Apgar) scores<7 at 5 minutes (risk ratio [RR]: 0.48; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.23%to 0.99) and a higher average birth weight (mean difference [MD]: 254.7 g; 95%CI: 98.5 g to 410.9 g). Very low quality evidence from the NRSs suggested that expectant care might decrease the rates of neonatal death (RR: 0.42; 95%CI 0.22 to 0.80), hyalinemembrane disease (RR: 0.59; 95%CI: 0.40 to 0.87), and admission to neonatal care (RR: 0.73; 95%CI: 0.54 to 0.99). Nomaternal or fetal differences were found for other perinatal outcomes. Conclusion Compared with interventionist management, expectant care may improve neonatal outcomes without increasing maternal morbidity and mortality.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar os efeitos dos cuidados expectantes versus intervencionistas no manejo de gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia grave distante do termo. Fontes de dados Foi realizada uma busca eletrônica no Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS, para o espanhol) acrônimo), Plataforma Internacional de Registro de Ensaios Clínicos da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS-ICTRP) e bancos de dados OpenGrey. Foram pesquisados os sites da Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (FIGO, por sua sigla em francês), do Royal College of Obstetricians e Ginecologistas (RCOG), do American College of Obstetricians e Ginecologistas (ACOG) e do Colombian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CJOG) procedimentos da conferência, sem restrições de idioma, até 25 de março de 2020. Seleção de estudos Ensaios clínicos randomizados (RCTs) e estudos controlados não randomizados (NRSs) foram incluídos. A abordagem de Classificação de Recomendações, Avaliação, Desenvolvimento e Avaliação (GRADE) foi usada para avaliar a qualidade da evidência. Coleta de dados Os estudos foram avaliados de forma independente quanto aos critérios de inclusão, extração de dados e risco de viés. As discordâncias foram resolvidas por consenso. Síntese de dados Quatro RCTs e seis NRS foram incluídos. Evidências de baixa qualidade dos ECRs mostraram que o cuidado expectante pode resultar em uma incidência menor de pontuações de aparência, pulso, careta, atividade e respiração (Apgar) <7 em 5 minutos (razão de risco [RR]: 0,48; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%]: 0,23% a 0,99) e um peso médio ao nascer superior (diferença média [MD]: 254,7 g; IC 95%: 98,5 ga 410,9 g). Evidências de qualidade muito baixa dos NRSs sugeriram que os cuidados expectantes podem diminuir as taxas de morte neonatal (RR: 0,42; IC de 95% 0,22 a 0,80), doença da membrana hialina (RR: 0,59; IC de 95%: 0,40 a 0,87) e admissão à assistência neonatal (RR: 0,73; IC 95%: 0,54 a 0,99). Nenhuma diferença materna ou fetal foi encontrada para outros resultados perinatais. Conclusão Em comparação com o manejo intervencionista, o cuidado expectante pode melhorar os resultados neonatais sem aumentar a morbidade e mortalidade materna.